An operating system (OS) is a software that manages computer hardware and provides a foundation for running other software applications. It acts as an intermediary between the computer\’s hardware and the user, facilitating communication and coordination between the various components of a computer system.
The primary functions of an operating system include:
- Process management: The OS manages running programs or processes, allocating system resources such as memory, processing time, and input/output devices to ensure efficient multitasking and optimal performance.
- Memory management: It controls and organizes the computer\’s primary memory (RAM), allocating memory to different processes, and managing virtual memory to allow efficient usage of available resources.
- File system management: The operating system provides a hierarchical structure for organizing and storing files on storage devices. It manages file access, permissions, and provides mechanisms for file input/output.
- Device management: The OS interacts with input/output devices such as keyboards, mice, printers, and storage devices, allowing applications to communicate with these devices.
- User interface: The operating system provides a user interface that allows users to interact with the computer system. This can be through a command-line interface (CLI) or a graphical user interface (GUI) that includes icons, windows, menus, and other visual elements.
- Security: The OS implements security mechanisms to protect the system and its data from unauthorized access, viruses, and other malicious activities. This includes user authentication, access control, and encryption.
There are various types of operating systems, including Windows, macOS, Linux, and UNIX, each with its own characteristics and targeted platforms. They can be found on personal computers, servers, mobile devices, embedded systems, and other computing devices.